10part html

         
         <tr>
            <td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
            <td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Table Caption

The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

Example

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Table Caption</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <table border = "1" width = "100%">
         <caption>This is the caption</caption>
         
         <tr>
            <td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
         </tr>
         
         <tr>
            <td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.

The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −

<thead> − to create a separate table header.
<tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
<tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.

A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>

Example

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Table</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <table border = "1" width = "100%">
         <thead>
            <tr>
               <td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
            </tr>
         </thead>
         
         <tfoot>
            <tr>
               <td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
            </tr>
         </tfoot>
         
         <tbody>
            <tr>
               <td>Cell 1</td>
               <td>Cell 2</td>
               <td>Cell 3</td>
               <td>Cell 4</td>
            </tr>
         </tbody>
         
      </table>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Nested Tables

You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside table data tag <td>.

Example

Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Table</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <table border = "1" width = "100%">
         
         <tr>
            <td>
               <table border = "1" width = "100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th>Name</th>
                     <th>Salary</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td>Ramesh Raman</td>
                     <td>5000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
                     <td>7000</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </td>
         </tr>
         
      </table>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML - Lists

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain −

<ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
<dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ul>
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a disc. Following are the possible options −

<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">

Example

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <ul type = "square">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ul type = "disc">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <ul type = "circle">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ul type = "disc">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Unordered List</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <ul type = "circle">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ul>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <ol>
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it is a number. Following are the possible options −

<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <ol type = "1">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ol type = "I">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ol type = "i">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ol type = "A">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ol type = "a">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need. Following are the possible options −

<ol type = "1" start = "4">    - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4">    - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4">    - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4">    - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4">    - Letters starts with D.

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Ordered List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <ol type = "i" start = "4">
         <li>Beetroot</li>
         <li>Ginger</li>
         <li>Potato</li>
         <li>Radish</li>
      </ol>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

<dl> − Defines the start of the list
<dt> − A term
<dd> − Term definition
</dl> − Defines the end of the list

Example

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Definition List</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <dl>
         <dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
         <dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
         <dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
         <dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
      </dl>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML - Text Links

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.

Note − I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents

A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.

<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>

Example

Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Click following link</p>
      <a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">Tutorials Point</a>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach to the home page of Tutorials Point (in this example).

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options −

Sr.No	Option & Description
1	_blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.
2	_self Opens the linked document in the same frame.
3	_parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame.
4	_top Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.
5	targetframe Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example

Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target attribute.

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Hyperlink Example</title>
      <base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Click any of the following links</p>
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to understand the difference between various options given for target attribute.

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

Example

Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Hyperlink Example</title>
      <base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Click following link</p>
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial.

Now given URL <a href = "/html/index.htm" is being considered as <ahref = "http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm"

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute. This is a two-step process.

Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute. Use id and titleattribute instead.

First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using <a...> tag as follows −

<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>

Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach −

<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>

This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top to reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.

Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag.

Example

Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see how link, alink and vlinkattributes work.

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>Hyperlink Example</title>
      <base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
   </head>
 
   <body alink = "#54A250" link = "#040404" vlink = "#F40633">
      <p>Click following link</p>
      <a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.

Download Links

You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.

For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its syntax will be as follows.

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header
print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name = \"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename = \"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );

while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){
   print("$buffer");
}

Note − For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI.

HTML - Image Links

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.

Example

It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the place of text as shown below −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Click following link</p>
      <a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self"> 
         <img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/> 
      </a>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page of Tutorials Point.

This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images

The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different links inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on different coordinates available on the image. Once different links are attached to different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.

There are two ways to create image maps −

Server-side image maps − This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
Client-side image maps − This is created with the usemap attribute of the <img> tag, along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps

Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which makes it special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to the browser.

When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the passed coordinates.

The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to the end of the URL.

For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the following image −

Which has been generated by the following code snippet −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Click following link</p>
      
      <a href = "/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target = "_self"> 
         <img ismap src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border = "0"/> 
      </a>
   </body>
 
</html>

Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to these coordinates −

/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30

This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap?

Note − You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now, let's concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemapattribute of the <img /> tag and defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and corresponding links.

The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image map −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
      <img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap = "#html"/>
      <!-- Create  Mappings -->
      
      <map name = "html">
         <area shape = "circle" coords = "80,80,20" 
            href = "/css/index.htm" alt = "CSS Link" target = "_self" />
         
         <area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link" 
            href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
      </map>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

   <head>
      <title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
      <img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap = "#html"/>
      <!-- Create  Mappings -->
      
      <map name = "html">
         <area shape = "circle" coords = "80,80,20" 
            href = "/css/index.htm" alt = "CSS Link" target = "_self" />
         
         <area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link" 
            href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
      </map>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Coordinate System

The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to be followed by detailed examples −

rect = x₁ , y₁ , x₂ , y₂

x₁ and y₁ are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x₂ and y₂ are the coordinates of the lower right corner.
circle = x_c , y_c , radius

x_c and y_c are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords = "200,50,25"
poly = x₁ , y₁ , x₂ , y₂ , x₃ , y₃ , ... x_n , y_n

The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute coords = "20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".

All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related URL. You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.

HTML - Email Links

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary spamming problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to harvest these types of emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.

You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.

A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form and then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending us email to the one given email ID.

Note − You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in our another tutorial Perl CGI Programming.

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.

<a href = "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Email

Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings

You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address. Following is the example to use default subject and body.

<a href = "mailto:abc@example.com?subject = Feedback&body = Message">
Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Feedback

Friday, 21 December 2018

Table Caption

Example

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Example

Nested Tables

Example

HTML - Lists

HTML Unordered Lists

Example

The type Attribute

Example

Example

Example

Example

HTML Ordered Lists

Example

The type Attribute

Example

Example

Example

Example

Example

The start Attribute

Example

HTML Definition Lists

Example

HTML - Text Links

Linking Documents

Example

The target Attribute

Example

Use of Base Path

Example

Setting Link Colors

Example

Download Links

File Download Dialog Box

HTML - Image Links

Example

Mouse-Sensitive Images

Server-Side Image Maps

Client-Side Image Maps

Coordinate System

HTML - Email Links

HTML Email Tag

Default Settings

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