11part html

ail Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.

<a href = "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Email

Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings

You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address. Following is the example to use default subject and body.

<a href = "mailto:abc@example.com?subject = Feedback&body = Message">
Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Feedback

HTML - Frames

HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames

There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your webpages −

Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough to be divided up.
Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different screen resolution.
The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames

To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rowsattribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.

Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example

Following is the example to create three horizontal frames −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Frames</title>
   </head>
 
   <frameset rows = "10%,80%,10%">
      <frame name = "top" src = "/html/top_frame.htm" />
      <frame name = "main" src = "/html/main_frame.htm" />
      <frame name = "bottom" src = "/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
   
      <noframes>
         <body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
      </noframes>
      
   </frameset>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Example

Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>HTML Frames</title>
   </head>
   
   <frameset cols = "25%,50%,25%">
      <frame name = "left" src = "/html/top_frame.htm" />
      <frame name = "center" src = "/html/main_frame.htm" />
      <frame name = "right" src = "/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
      
      <noframes>
         <body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
      </noframes>
   </frameset>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −

Sr.No

Attribute & Description

cols

Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways −

Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "100, 500, 100".

A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%".

Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, *, 10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window.

As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "3*, 2*, 1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth.

rows

This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.

border

This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.

frameborder

This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.

framespacing

This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take any integer value. For example framespacing = "10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.

1	cols Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways − Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "100, 500, 100". A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%". Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, , 10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window. As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "3, 2, 1". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth.
2	rows This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.
3	border This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.
4	frameborder This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.
5	framespacing This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take any integer value. For example framespacing = "10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag −

Sr.No	Attribute & Description
1	src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory.
2	name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.
3	frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
4	marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".
5	marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight = "10".
6	noresize By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize the frame. For example noresize = "noresize".
7	scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.
8	longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then <noframes> element should be displayed to the user.

So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!! your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main pages into a separate frame.

Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Target Frames</title>
   </head>
 
   <frameset cols = "200, *">
      <frame src = "/html/menu.htm" name = "menu_page" />
      <frame src = "/html/main.htm" name = "main_page" />
      
      <noframes>
         <body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
      </noframes>
   </frameset>
 
</html>

Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The second column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we have mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu bar, available link will open in main page.

Following is the content of menu.htm file

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">
      <a href = "http://www.google.com" target = "main_page">Google</a>
      <br />
      <br />
      
      <a href = "http://www.microsoft.com" target = "main_page">Microsoft</a>
      <br />
      <br />
      
      <a href = "http://news.bbc.co.uk" target = "main_page">BBC News</a>
   </body>
 
</html>

Following is the content of main.htm file −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
      <h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
      <p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

When we load test.htm file, it produces following result −

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can also take one of the following values −

Sr.No

Option & Description

_self

Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank

Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.

_parent

Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is the main browser window.

_top

Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.

targetframe

Loads the page into a named targetframe.



   <body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">
      <a href = "http://www.google.com" target = "main_page">Google</a>
      <br />
      <br />
      
      <a href = "http://www.microsoft.com" target = "main_page">Microsoft</a>
      <br />
      <br />
      
      <a href = "http://news.bbc.co.uk" target = "main_page">BBC News</a>
   </body>
 
</html>

Following is the content of main.htm file −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
      <h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
      <p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

When we load test.htm file, it produces following result −

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The targetattribute can also take one of the following values −

Sr.No	Option & Description
1	_self Loads the page into the current frame.
2	_blank Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.
3	_parent Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset is the main browser window.
4	_top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.
5	targetframe Loads the page into a named targetframe.

HTML - Iframes

You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders. An inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document.

The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.

Example

Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe> −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Iframes</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Document content goes here...</p>
      
      <iframe src = "/html/menu.htm" width = "555" height = "200">
         Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
      </iframe>
      
      <p>Document content also go here...</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id, longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.

Note − The frameborder, marginwidth, longdesc, scrolling, marginheight attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.

Sr.No	Attribute & Description
1	src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html directory.
2	name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.
3	frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
4	marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".
5	marginheight This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in pixels. For example marginheight = "10".
6	height This attribute specifies the height of <iframe>.
7	scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling = "no" means it should not have scroll bars.
8	longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc = "framedescription.htm"
9	width This attribute specifies the width of <iframe>.

HTML - Blocks

All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements (b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements

Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line.

Inline Elements

Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it is used with CSS.

Example

Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag −

Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>HTML div Tag</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <!-- First group of tags -->
      <div style = "color:red">
         <h4>This is first group</h4>
         <p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
         
         <ul>
            <li>Beetroot</li>
            <li>Ginger</li>
            <li>Potato</li>
            <li>Radish</li>
         </ul>
      </div>

      <!-- Second group of tags -->
      <div style = "color:green">
         <h4>This is second group</h4>
         <p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
         
         <ul>
            <li>Apple</li>
            <li>Banana</li>
            <li>Mango</li>
            <li>Strawberry</li>
         </ul>
      </div>
   </body>
   
</html>


The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning when it is used with CSS.

The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.

Example

Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag −
 Live Demo<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML span Tag</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>This is <span style = "color:red">red</span> and this is
         <span style = "color:green">green</span></p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML - Backgrounds

By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries. HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.

HTML Background with Colors
HTML Background with Images


Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body and table backgrounds.


Note − The bgcolor attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.


Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor = "color_value"...>


This color_value can be given in any of the following formats −
<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
<table bgcolor = "lime" >
 
<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
<table bgcolor = "#f1f1f1" >
 
<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,120)" >


Example

Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag −
 Live Demo<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Background Colors</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
      <table bgcolor = "yellow" width = "100%">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is yellow
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
 
      <!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
      <table bgcolor = "#6666FF" width = "100%">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is sky blue
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
 
      <!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
      <table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is green
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
 
      <!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
      <table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is green
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −



Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of your HTML page or table.


Note − The background attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.


Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.


Note − The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for background setting.

<tagname background = "Image URL"...>


The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.

Example

Here are the examples to set background images of a table.

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Background Images</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <!-- Set table background -->
      <table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
         <tr><td>
            This background is filled up with HTML image.
         </td></tr>
      </table>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −



Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.

It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.

Example

Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table −

 Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>HTML Background Images</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <!-- Set a table background using pattern -->
      <table background = "/images/pattern1.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is filled up with a pattern image.
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>

      <!-- Another example on table background using pattern -->
      <table background = "/images/pattern2.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
         <tr>
            <td>
               This background is filled up with a pattern image.
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Knowledge

Friday, 21 December 2018

ail Tag

Default Settings

HTML - Frames

Disadvantages of Frames

Creating Frames

Example

Example

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Browser Support for Frames

Frame's name and target attributes

HTML - Iframes

Example

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

HTML - Blocks

Block Elements

Inline Elements

Grouping HTML Elements

The <div> tag

Example

The <span> tag

Example

HTML - Backgrounds

Html Background with Colors

Example

Html Background with Images

Example

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

Example

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