8th part html basic knowledge

Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display an HTML document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding.

The most common character set or character encoding in use on computers is ASCII − The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and this is probably the most widely used character set for encoding text electronically.

ASCII encoding supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the numbers 0-9, and some extra characters which make a total of 128 characters in all. You can have a look at complete set of Printable ASCII Characters

However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different alphabets. ASCII does not address these characters; therefore, you need to learn about character encodings if you want to use any non-ASCII characters.

The International Standards Organization created a range of character sets to deal with different national characters. For the documents in English and most other Western European languages, the widely supported encoding ISO-8859-1 is used.

Here is the list of Character Set being used around the world along with their description.

Sr.No	Character Set & Description
1	ISO-8859-1 Latin alphabet part 1 Covering North America,Western Europe, Latin America, theCaribbean, Canada, Africa
2	ISO-8859-2 Latin alphabet part 2 Covering Eastern Europe
3	ISO-8859-3 Latin alphabet part 3 Covering SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others
4	ISO-8859-4 Latin alphabet part 4 Covering Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-8859-1)
5	ISO-8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic alphabet part 5
6	ISO-8859-6 Latin/Arabic alphabet part 6
7	ISO-8859-7 Latin/Greek alphabet part 7
8	ISO-8859-8 Latin/Hebrew alphabet part 8
9	ISO-8859-9 Latin 5 alphabet part 9 Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic ones
10	ISO-8859-10 Latin 6 Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, and Eskimo
11	ISO-8859-15 The same as ISO-8859-1 but with more characters added
12	ISO-2022-JP Latin/Japanese alphabet part 1
13	ISO-2022-JP-2 Latin/Japanese alphabet part 2
14	ISO-2022-KR Latin/Korean alphabet part 1

The Unicode Consortium was then set up to devise a way to show all characters of different languages, rather than have these different incompatible character codes for different languages.

Therefore, if you want to create documents that use characters from multiple character sets, you will be able to do so using the single Unicode character encodings.

Unicode therefore specifies encodings that can deal with a string in special ways so as to make enough space for the huge character set it encompasses. These are known as UTF8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.

Sr.No	Character Set & Description
1	UTF-8 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it comes in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long, making UTF8 variable width.
2	UTF-16 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 16-bit units that is, it comes in shorts. It can be 1 or 2 shorts long, making UTF16 variable width.
3	UTF-32 A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 32-bit units that is, it comes in longs. It is a fixed-width format and is always 1 "long" in length.

The first 256 characters of Unicode character sets correspond to the 256 characters of ISO-8859-1.

By default, HTML 4 processors should support UTF-8, and XML processors are supposed to support UTF-8 and UTF-16; therefore all XHTML-compliant processors should also support UTF-16 

A complete list of deprecated HTML tags and attributes are given here. All the tags have been ordered alphabetically along with their equivalent tag or alternate CSS option.

Tag	Description	Alternate
<applet>	Deprecated. Specifies an applet	<object>
<basefont>	Deprecated. Specifies a base font
<center>	Deprecated. Specifies centered text	text-align
<dir>	Deprecated. Specifies a directory list
<embed>	Deprecated. Embeds an application in a document	<object>
<font>	Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color	font-family, font-size
<isindex>	Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field
<listing>	Deprecated. Specifies listing of items	<pre>
<menu>	Deprecated. Specifies a menu list
<plaintext>	Deprecated. Specifies plaintext	<pre>
<s>	Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text	text-decoration
<strike>	Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text	text-decoration
<u>	Deprecated. Specifies underlined text	text-decoration
<xmp>	Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text	<pre>

HTML Deprecated Attributes

Following is the list of deprecated HTML attributes and alternative CSS options available.

Attribute	Description	Alternate
align	Specifies positioning of an element	text-align, float & vertical-align
alink	Specifies the color of an active link or selected link	active
background	Specifies background image	background-image
bgcolor	Specifies background color	background-color
border	Specifies a border width of any element	border-width
clear	Indicates how the browser should display the line after the <br /> element	clear
height	Specifies height of body and other elements	height
hspace	Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that should appear left or right an element	padding
language	Specifies scripting language being used	type
link	Specifies the default color of all links in the document	link
nowrap	Prevents the text from wrapping within that table cell	white-space
start	Indicates the number at which a browser should start numbering a list	counter-reset
text	Specifies color of body text	color
type	Specifies the type of list in <li> tag	list-style-type
vlink	Specifies the color of visited links	visited
vspace	Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that should appear above or below an element	padding
width	Specifies width of body and other elements	width

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Line Break  Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Hello<br />
         You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
         Thanks<br />
         Mahnaz</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Centering Content

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Centring Content Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>This text is not in the center.</p>
      
      <center>
         <p>This text is in the center.</p>
      </center>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce following result −

Horizontal Lines

Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
      <hr />
      <p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the emptyelement, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting

Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the source document.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <pre>
         function testFunction( strText ){
            alert (strText)
         }
      </pre>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces

Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12&nbsp;Angry&nbsp;Men."</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

HTML - Elements

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags −

Start Tag	Content	End Tag
<p>	This is paragraph content.	</p>
<h1>	This is heading content.	</h1>
<div>	This is division content.	</div>
<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Nested Elements Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
      <p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will display the following result −

HTML - Attributes

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a value

• The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.
• The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html>
 
   <head> 
      <title>Align Attribute  Example</title> 
   </head>
 
   <body> 
      <p align = "left">This is left aligned</p> 
      <p align = "center">This is center aligned</p> 
      <p align = "right">This is right aligned</p> 
   </body>
 
</html>

This will display the following result −

Core Attributes

The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are −

• Id
• Title
• Class
• Style

The Id Attribute

The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element −

• If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element and its content.
• If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.

We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.

Example

<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute −

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>The title Attribute Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example −

class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>The style Attribute</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p style = "font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes

There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML elements.

• dir
• lang
• xml:lang

The dir Attribute

The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows −

Value	Meaning
ltr	Left to right (the default value)
rtl	Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">

   <head>
      <title>Display Directions</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">

   <head>
      <title>English Language Page</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      This page is using English Language
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the xml:langattribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes

Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute	Options	Function
align	right, left, center	Horizontally aligns tags
valign	top, middle, bottom	Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.
bgcolor	numeric, hexidecimal, RGB values	Places a background color behind an element
background	URL	Places a background image behind an element
id	User Defined	Names an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.
class	User Defined	Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style Sheets.
width	Numeric Value	Specifies the width of tables, images, or table cells.
height	Numeric Value	Specifies the height of tables, images, or table cells.
title	User Defined	"Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.

HTML - Formatting

If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text

Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Bold Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Italic Text

Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Italic Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Underlined Text

Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Underlined Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Strike Text

Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike>element is displayed with strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Strike Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Monospaced Font

The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the same width.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Superscript Text

The content of a ^... element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the other characters.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Superscript Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Subscript Text

The content of a _... element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the other characters.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Subscript Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Inserted Text

Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Inserted Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Deleted Text

Anything that appears within <del>...</del>element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Deleted Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Larger Text

The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Larger Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Smaller Text

The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Smaller Text Example</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Grouping Content

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections or subsections of a page.

For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Div Tag Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
         <a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> | 
         <a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> | 
         <a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
      </div>

      <div id = "content" align = "left" bgcolor = "white">
         <h5>Content Articles</h5>
         <p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
      </div>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the <span> element as follows.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Span Tag Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span tag</span>
         and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.

HTML - Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text

Anything that appears within <em>...</em>element is displayed as emphasized text.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Marked Text

Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark>element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Marked Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Strong Text

Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong>element is displayed as important text.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Strong Text Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Text Abbreviation

You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Text Abbreviation</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>My best friend's name is  <abbr title = "Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Acronym Element

The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym> tags is an acronym.

At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym> element.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Acronym Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Text Direction

The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text direction.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Text Direction Example</title>
   </head>

   <body>
      <p>This text will go left to right.</p>
      <p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Special Terms

The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.

Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Special Terms Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Quoting Text

When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between <blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.

Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Blockquote Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

      <blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML,following on 
         from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Short Quotations

The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

   <head>
      <title>Double Quote Example</title>
   </head>
 
   <body>
      <p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
   </body>
 
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Text Citations

If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and closing </cite> tag

As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized text by default.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>Citations Example</title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Computer Code

Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code> tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>Computer Code Example</title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Keyboard Text

When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.

Example

 Live Demo

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
   
   <head>
      <title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
   </body>
   
</html>

This will produce the following result −